Networking Components :
The cabling links computer to computer. Most cabling allows networks to be hundreds of feet long. But what if your network needs to be bigger than that? What if you need to connect your LANs to other LANs to make a WAN ? What if the architecture you've picked for your network is limiting the growth of your network along with the growth of your company? The answer to these questions is found in a special class of networking devices known as connectivity devices. These devices allows communication to break the boundaries of local networks and let your computers talk to other computers in the next building, the next city , or next country.
There are several categories of connectivity devices , but we are going to discuss the most important and frequently used :
- Repeaters
- Hubs
- Switches
- Bridges
- Routers
Repeaters :
Repeaters are simple devices. The allows a cabling system to extend beyond its maximum allowed length by amplifying the network voltages so they travel farther . Repeaters are nothing more than amplifiers and, as such , are very inexpensive.
Repeaters operate at the Physical layer of the OSI model. Because of this , repeaters can only be used to regenerate signals between similar network segments. For example ,you can extend an Ethernet 10Base2 network to 400 meters with a repeater with repeater. But you can't connect an Ethernet network and a Token Ring network together with one.
Hubs :
Hubs are devices used to link several computers together. they are most often used on Ethernet networks . They are also simple devices .In fact , they are just multiport repeaters and work at layer 1 of the OSI model just as repeaters do . They repeat any signal that comes in on one port and copy it to the other ports (a process that is also called broadcasting).
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There are two types of hubs :
a. Active b. Passive
Passive hubs connect all ports together electrically but do not have their own power source. Active hubs use electronics to amplify and clean up the signal before it is broadcast to the other ports . In the category of active hubs use electronics to amplify and clean up the signal before it is broadcast to the other ports. In the category of active hubs, there is also a class called intelligent hubs ,which are hubs that can be remotely managed on the network.
Switches :
Switches provide centralized connectivity just as hubs do(usually on twisted-pair Ethernet networks ),and they often look similar, so it's easy to confuse them. However, switches don't pass along everything they receive on one port to every other port as hubs do. Rather , switches examine the Layer 2 header of the incoming packed and forward it properly to the right port and only that port. This greatly reduces overhead and thus performance as there is essentially a virtual connection between sender and receiver .
Nearly every hub or switch you will see has one or more status indicator lights on it .If there is a connection to that port of the switch, a light either above the connector or on an LED panel . or may be secondary light that will light up. Many devices can also detect a program in the connection .If a normal connection produces a green light , a bad connection might produce an amber one. Bridges routers will also have similar status lights on them , as do network cards.
Bridges :
Bridges operate in the Data Link Layer of the OSI model . They join similar topologies and are used to divide network segments .Bridges keep traffic on one side from crossing to the other. For this reason , they are often used to increase performance on a high-traffic segment.
Routers :
Routers are highly intelligent devices that connect multiple network types and determine the best path for sending data. They can route packets across multiple networks and use routing tables to store network addresses to determine the best destination . Routers operate at the Network layer of the OSI model. Because of this , they make their decisions on what to do with traffic based on logical addresses, such as an IP address.
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