Physical Media :
A lot of us rely on wireless networking methods that work using technologies like radio frequency and infrared , but even wireless depends on a physical media backbone in place somewhere. And the majority of installed LANs today communicate via some kind of cabling, so let's take a look at the tree types of popular cables used in modern networking designs.
- Coaxial
- Twisted-pair
- Fiber optic
Coaxial cable
Coaxial cable, referred to as coax, contains a center conductor made of copper that's surrounded by a plastic jacket with a braided shield over it. A plastic such as polyvinyl chloride (PVT) or fluoroethylene propylene (FEP, commonly know as Teflon) covers this metal shield. The Teflon- type covering is frequently referred to as a plenum- rated coating, and it's definitely expensive but often mandate by local or municipal fire code when cable is hidden in walls and ceilings . Plenum rating applied to all types of cabling and is an approved replacement for all other composition of cable sheathing and insulation like PVT- based assembling.
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Twisted Pair Cable :
Twisted pair cable consists of multiple individually insulated wires that are twisted together in pairs . Sometimes a metallic shield is placed around them , hence the name shielding twisted pair (STP). Cable without outer shielding is called unshielded twisted pair cable (UTP). and it's used in twisted-pair Ethernet (10BaseT, 100BaseTX ,100BaseTX) networks.
Fiber Optical Cable :
Because fiber-optic transmits digital signals using light impulses rather than electricity, it's immune to EMI and RFI.
anyone's who's seen a network's UTP cable run down an elevator would definitely appreciate this fiber feature. Fiber cable allows light impulses to be carried on either a glass or a plastic core. Glass can carry the signal a greater distance , but plastic costs less.
Whichever the type of core, it's surrounding by a glass or plastic cladding with a different refraction index that reflects the light back into the core. Around this is a layer of flexible plastic buffer that can be wrapped in an armor coating that's usually Kevlar , which is then sheathed in PVC or plenum.
There are two types of Fiber optical-cable:
1. Single Mode Fiber
2. Multimode Fiber
1. Single mode fiber :
Single mode fiber -optic cable (SMF) is a very high-speed ,long-distance media that consists of a single strand - sometimes two strands -of glass fiber that carries the signals . Light-emitting diodes(LEDs) and laser are the light sources used with SMF.
2. Multimode fiber :
Multimode fiber-optic cable (MMF) also used light to communicate a signal , but with it, the light is dispersed on numerous paths at it travels through the core and is reflected back. A special material called cladding is used to line the core and focus the light back onto it.
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